Finally, current trends in tower designs for large HAWTs are highlighted. In particular, experiences with United States large wind turbine towers are elucidated. Design goals and requirements that influence tower configuration, height and materials are discussed. Tower designs are reviewed beginning with the historic Smith-Putnam HAWT and progressing through the NASA/DOE Mod-5B presently being fabricated. These variations in materials of construction and type of construction reflect different engineering approaches to the design of cost effective more » towers for large HAWTs. In Europe, the trend has been to use only free-standing and guyed cylindrical towers, but both steel and reinforced concrete have been used as materials of construction. For example, the US large HAWTs have utilized steel truss type towers and free-standing steel cylindrical towers. Towers for large horizontal axis wind turbines, machines with a rotor axis height above 30 meters and rated at more than 500 kW, have varied in configuration, materials of construction, type of construction, height, and stiffness.
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